[198][199], Sometimes, a long ruler was used on the bare legs or hands instead of a cane. A humorous take on how to bend over for the cane, from Terry Deary, "Cruel Crime And Painful Punishment", illustrated by Mike Phillips, in the "Horrible Histories" series, Scholastic Children's Books, London, 2002. [110][111], In the law of the Republic of Ireland, corporal punishment was prohibited in 1982 by an administrative decision of John Boland, the Minister for Education, which applied to national schools (most primary schools) and to secondary schools receiving public funding (practically all of them). [212], By the 1970s, in the wake of the protest about school corporal punishment by thousands of school pupils who walked out of school to protest outside the Houses Of Parliament on 17 May 1972, corporal punishment was toned down in many state-run schools, and whilst many only used it as a last resort for misbehaving pupils, some state-run schools banned corporal punishment completely, most notably, London's Primary Schools, who had already began phasing out corporal punishment in the late 1960s. Another example is this 1937 appeal hearing, in which a headmaster's conviction for assault was overturned, even though the caned boy was said in evidence to be severely bruised. [23][89], Colombian private and public schools were banned from using "penalties involving physical or psychological abuse" through the Children and Adolescents Code 2006, though it is not clear whether this also applies to indigenous communities. Stephen Fry on Corporal Punishment [7] The AAP recommends a number of alternatives to corporal punishment including various nonviolent behaviour-management strategies, modifications to the school environment, and increased support for teachers. Its use by ordinary teachers in grammar schools had been outlawed in 1928. [75], Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Bolivia in 2014. In 2014, the Ministry of Human Resources Development issued guidance ("Advisory for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in Schools under Section 35(1) of the RTE Act 2009") which sets out the national law relevant to corporal punishment in schools, the international human rights standards, steps that may be taken to promote positive child The cane was also not uncommon, at least up to the late 1970s, in many mixed-sex schools, whether comprehensive or selective, though boys generally needed a lot more disciplining than girls. As of 2019, 32 states and the District of Columbia have banned corporal punishment in public schools, though in some of these there is no explicit prohibition. Headmasters, too, could be robust in defence of their right to use corporal punishment, as seen in this June 1968 report from their annual conference. Three (Newcastle, Shropshire, Wiltshire) said exactly the opposite: that there should be a cooling-off period before discipline was administered.(4). The Commission was divided (there are three dissenting opinions) but the majority thought this particular caning, which caused weals, swelling and bruising, was, unlike other school cases considered, serious enough to be "degrading treatment" under Article 3 of the Convention. The move failed, but the debate is not without interest. (But see this 1973 newspaper article for a round-up of the caning situation then prevailing at seven "top" private schools. Corporal punishment sets clear boundaries and motivates children to behave in school. Effects of Corporal Punishment One education committee, Romford (then in Essex but now part of Greater London), unusually banned public CP in 1961 after six girls were caned in front of 600 schoolmates. Guidance from the government about the legal position in England concerning corporal punishment (not permitted) and other physical contact or reasonable force (still allowed). Four independent Christian schools [2] However, some schools in Alberta had been using the strap up until the ban in 2004. There is some movement of changing negative disciplining methods to positive ones (non-corporal), such as teaching students how to improve when they perform badly via verbal positive reinforcement.[188]. In some schools, every teacher had his or her own "slipper". Most secondary schools (whether independent, autonomous or government-controlled), and also some primary schools, use caning to deal with misconduct by boys. American Academy of Pediatrics. In 2016 a prominent newspaper columnist -- who happened to be the wife of a senior member of the government -- announced that she had changed her mind about CP for school bullies. However, there was one element of "voluntary CP" at some state boys' schools, like Maidenhead Grammar School (as also at some independent schools, such as Emanuel School in London), where it was understood that a student who had accumulated other punishments, such as detentions or impositions, could present himself at the headmaster's office and apply to be "swished" instead. Various emails have told me that boys were occasionally caned, but punishment [93][94][95], A 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. The case concerned two Scottish boys In any case it has now been superseded by the following: Hansard: New clause 21: Corporal punishment (New URL) The medical evidence was that the marks on his bottom were already fading by the following day. [176], The proverb "If you love your cow, tie it up; if you love your child, beat him" is still considered "wisdom" and is held by many Thai parents and teachers. The other boy was ordered to be strapped but refused, whereupon he was suspended from school. WebEuropean Court of Human Rights. Covers the UK only, with a major emphasis on school CP but also some interesting material about judicial and military juvenile punishments of the past. Such documentary evidence as is available tends to show that third-, fourth- and fifth-formers (ages 13 to 16 inclusive) were by far the most frequent beneficiaries. This important document is the full Law Lords ruling in the case brought by a group of Christian schools against the 1998 legislative ban on corporal punishment in all schools, even private ones. Some 20% of secondary schools did so in the 1970s, according to informal guesstimates by STOPP. (At my school he would certainly have got six.) However, teachers in New Zealand schools had the right to use what the law called reasonable force to discipline students, mainly with a strap, cane or ruler, on the bottom or the hand. There is no federal law addressing corporal punishment in public or private schools. (She doesn't, as far as I can see, comment on the possibility that the child himself might take a different view, perhaps preferring being spanked to some other punishment.). [11] And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine, "The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society. Two others, Kingston and Richmond, much more sensibly, came close to saying the opposite -- that caning of the hands was strongly discouraged as potentially injurious. Slippering was usually a brisk affair: the student was typically made to come to the front, bend over on the spot, be whacked two or three or four times, and return to his or her seat as the lesson continued without further ado. School Education Regulations, s40, cf Criminal Code Act, s257. "Pants-down" punishment, not unknown in some private schools, was almost unheard of in the state sector in relatively modern times, especially from the 1960s onwards. Private schools, about which even fewer generalisations are possible, will have to await separate treatment elsewhere. At least one (Bradford) laid down that the punishment must follow as soon as possible after the offence. Some LEAs confined themselves to prohibiting teachers from striking pupils' heads or boxing their ears. [10] (46 of these countries also prohibited corporal punishment of children in the home as of May 2015). WebCorporal punishment not only violates childrens fundamental rights to dignity and bodily integrity but can have long-lasting implications for their life-chances by reducing their There had been disputes about CP since the early days of universal state education. [96], Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914, but remained de facto commonplace until 1984, when a law banning all corporal punishment of minors, whether in schools or in the home, was introduced. According to section 10 of the act: (1) No person may administer corporal punishment at a school to a learner. Some schools did cane in classrooms or halls or corridors, witnessed by whoever happened to be present. Includes an excellent gallery of historical drawings and numerous other illustrations as well as some well-chosen historical texts. [127], Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment in schools. In Scotland, it was banned in 2000, and in Northern Ireland in 2003. (6) Back in 1914 that same union went so far as to claim that all teachers, not just head teachers, had the right to cane, and that this right "must not be interfered with by local regulations" -- a position they never in fact achieved. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death. However, these powers were subject to any regulations made by the local education authority. This campaign gave rise to a joke on the left of the NUT that NASUWT stood for "National Association of Sadists and Union of Women Torturers". This kind of arrangement seems to have been typical of many secondary schools. This academic paper (2018) is very interesting despite some woolly jargon. ", "Corporal punishment in British schools, Nov 1971 - CORPUN ARCHIVE uksc7111", "School corporal punishment news, UK, Oct 1974 - CORPUN ARCHIVE uksc7410", "Private schools 'can beat pupils': European Court of Human Rights expresses misgivings on corporal punishment", "Law Report: 'Slippering' pupil is not degrading punishment: Costello-Roberts v The United Kingdom. Joe The King: 1999 Joe is spanked on his bare bum over his teachers lap in front of his class. An extract from the ubiquitous polymath's memoir Moab Is My Washpot (1997). In the remaining private schools it was banned in 1999 in England and Wales, 2000 in Scotland, and 2003 in Northern Ireland. [23], Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning for boys as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. The remainder were spread between those where canings took place every day and those where CP was almost unheard of, with every possible variation in between. development and not resorting to corporal punishment, and the role of national bodies in implementing the RTE Act, stating: "This advisory should be used by the State Governments/UT Administrations to ensure that appropriate State/school level guidelines on prevention of corporate punishment and appropriate redressal of any complaints, are framed, disseminated, acted upon and monitored. The original application was by the boy's mother, who was "horrified" when she saw the "injuries" on Matthew's backside, but it is interesting that he showed them to her only after his sister called attention to them, and he himself had not spontaneously thought the matter worthy of mention upon his arrival home that day. See news report of 14 November 1992, Public schoolboy awarded 8,000 for caning ordeal, which includes a picture of Matthew, by then aged 25. [36], According to the AAP, research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools, and "praise, discussions regarding values, and positive role models do more to develop character, respect, and values than does corporal punishment". Web(1) Corporal punishment given by, or on the authority of, a member of staff to a child (a) for whom education is provided at any school, or (b) for whom education is provided, [175], Corporal punishment in schools is officially illegal under the Ministry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment 2005. A 'reasonable chastisement' Page updated May 2021, separate article about CP in Scottish schools, going back from caning to birching in 1904, article on Sharmans Cross High School in Solihull, made the slipper their "official" implement, campaigned aggressively in favour of keeping the cane, Children sent to Caribbean for 'basic' schooling, The Cane and the Tawse in Scottish Schools, In Loco Parentis, Corporal Punishment and the Moral Economy of Discipline in English Schools, 1945-1986, R v Secretary of State for Education and Employment and Others, Public schoolboy awarded 8,000 for caning ordeal, Scottish cases helped to ban the beatings, Parents win right to forbid school caning, The Debate on Corporal Punishment before the European Commission and European Court of Human Rights (1978-1998), Hansard: New clause 21: Corporal punishment, Text of England and Wales law banning corporal punishment in all schools, House of Commons: Corporal punishment lawful with parental consent. They suggest that student self-governance can be an effective alternative for managing disruptive classroom behaviour, while stressing the importance of adequate training and support for teachers. Web(1) Corporal punishment given by, or on the authority of, a member of staff to a child (a) for whom education is provided at any school, or (b) for whom education is provided, It was located in the extensive docks area near Tower Bridge in the East End of London. He takes the view, which I tend to share, that corporal punishment, in the great scheme of things, is not actually a very important issue one way or the other. [177] Corporal punishment (especially caning) on students of both genders remains common[178][179][180][181] and accepted in practice. After all, the boy had a history of bullying, and was a tough lad -- captain of the rugby team, for heaven's sake. [19] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems. 18 required the act to be done in private; 10 mandated a witness to be present. One consequence of the perceived collapse in school discipline has been a tendency for some (especially immigrant-descended) parents to send their teens abroad to complete their secondary studies, often to Africa or the Caribbean, where a stricter and more structured education, including CP where necessary, is still available. (7) National Association of Schoolmasters/Union of Women Teachers. Although there was usually less ceremony about it than the cane, the slipper, if wielded sufficiently enthusiastically, could deliver a salutary lesson. Many NUT members in the union's mainstream, and certainly the great majority of members of all the other teaching unions, were not at all in favour of abolition. (2) These varied a lot, but most were not very specific about the modus operandi. (1) Department of Education, Administrative Memorandum 531, 1956 (but this was only a codification of a requirement laid down much earlier). However, there are no prohibitions of it at home. "The punishments in French schools are impositions and confinements."--. There was the odd exception like Northwich Girls' Grammar School; but even there, the formidable Miss Janet Dines claimed she had hardly used the cane in ten years before the event that got her into all the newspapers in 1976. [148] On the provincial level, corporal punishment was partially banned in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by two laws in 2010 and 2012, and banned by Sindh in schools in 2013. [92], Corporal punishment was prohibited in the public schools in Copenhagen Municipality in 1951 and by law in all schools of Denmark on 14 June 1967. WebCorporal punishment should be brought back in some circumstances, but NEVER on hands! In early 2007, a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole to discipline students by corporal punishment, by making the student's parents administer the punishment. Corporal punishment in British state schools, and also in private schools receiving any element of public funding, was banned by parliament in 1987. [76], Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Brazil in 2014. Several more Labour-controlled LEAs followed suit in the early 1980s. 10) that "it is the right of every pupil that discipline be maintained in the [8], The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others' behaviour. [204][205] This was wielded in primary as well as secondary schools for both trivial and serious offences, and girls got belted as well as boys. In primary schools (ages 5 to 11), and in the pre-1950s all-through elementary schools (age up to 13), slapping with the hand, applied to bottoms or hands or arms or legs, appears to have been the physical punishment of choice. The Friends Reunited evidence [8], The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing "a milieu of effective communication, in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students", as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student's abilities, various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques, and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals. (2) Whoever contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be liable to disciplinary action under the service rules applicable to such person." No LEA banned corporal punishment altogether until 1979/80, when three Labour-controlled outer London boroughs took the abolitionist plunge, followed more famously in 1981 by the huge, Labour-controlled Inner London Education Authority (ILEA), which covered 12 London boroughs, a population of nearly 3 million, and getting on for 1,000 schools. A REPORT AFTER THE INNER LONDON EDUCATION AUTHORITY'S BAN OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN ITS SECONDARY SCHOOLS. For some early such cases, see this Dec 1900 news item and this May 1903 one (the latter being interesting also for its use by the magistrate of the colloquial term "to be swished" meaning to be caned) and this Nov 1933 one. WebSchool corporal punishment, historically widespread, was outlawed in different states via their administrative law at different times. [206][207][208] Nearly 6 in 10 girls were strapped in school. School corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of physical pain as a response to undesired behavior by students. In fact neither of them ever did receive the belt. It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East (see list of countries, below). See likewise Children sent to Caribbean for 'basic' schooling, a news report from July 1996, and UK Ugandans rush kids to Kampala schools, from May 1998. (6) NUT's main rival, the more male-dominated NASUWT,(7) campaigned aggressively in favour of keeping the cane. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health", "Corporal punishment in schools. [161] Only a light rattan cane may be used. Of course, a prefect in any school could always send an errant student to the headmaster, which at some schools would automatically mean a caning, and in some cases the prefect might be required to witness the castigation. Committee on the Rights of the Child (2001). Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, National Association of Secondary School Principals, History of youth rights in the United States, Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth, International Falcon Movement Socialist Educational International, National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign, French petition against age of consent laws, Legal status of tattooing in European countries, Legal status of tattooing in the United States, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, School corporal punishment in the United States, Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada, Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education, R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment, School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention, Student/Parent Information Guide and Code of Conduct 2008-2009, "United Kingdom: Corporal punishment in schools", "Corporal punishment in schools: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine", "Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools: Prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy", "School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention", "Spanking Lives On In Rural Florida Schools", Education (Corporal Punishment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1987, "School Standards and Framework Act 1998", "North Korean Defectors Face Huge Challenges", "Chinese schools try to unlearn brutality", "More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children", "H-515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools", "Guidance for effective discipline. A 1977 survey of young people found that half of them were in favour of retaining CP at school, including many who had themselves been caned or strapped. In particular, evidence does not suggest that it enhances moral character development, increases students' respect for teachers or other authority figures, or offers greater security for teachers. Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches, and kicks as most common methods of administration. In response to a 2008 poll of 6,162 UK teachers by the Times Educational Supplement, 22% of secondary school teachers and 16% of primary school teachers supported "the right to use corporal punishment in extreme cases". [10], Corporal punishment in the context of schools in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been variously defined as: causing deliberate pain to a child in response to the child's undesired behavior and/or language,[11] "purposeful infliction of bodily pain or discomfort by an official in the educational system upon a student as a penalty for unacceptable behavior",[7] and "intentional application of physical pain as a means of changing behavior" (not the occasional use of physical restraint to protect student or others from immediate harm).[8]. According to the Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, "All children and young people have a right to be treated well. A federal law was implemented in 1998 which banned school corporal punishment. It had been very regularly used on both boys and girls in certain schools for centuries prior to the ban. [20] In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the canings there. There are actually three different opinions here, by three judges who appear somewhat to disagree with each other, arriving at the same conclusion by different routes. [7] They say that evidence links corporal punishment of students to a number of adverse outcomes, including: "increased aggressive and destructive behaviour, increased disruptive classroom behaviour, vandalism, poor school achievement, poor attention span, increased drop-out rate, school avoidance and school phobia, low self-esteem, anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, suicide and retaliation against teachers". educational institution in conformity with human dignity and, in that regard, he has the right not to be subjected to corporal or degrading disciplinary measures. [90][bettersourceneeded], All corporal punishment, both in school and in the home, has been banned since 2008. WebPunishments in schools is a large area of dispute and has been for decades. So too is this 1945 case in which a bare-bottom slippering at a prep school was held not to be excessive or unreasonable. The article is illustrated with pictures of a gym shoe said to have been used for the purpose at a different school in the 1970s. In 18 U.S. states, corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools. WebCorporal punishment is illegal in schools in a total of 132 countries. [217] The Court ruled 54 in that case that the punishment was not severe enough to infringe the student's "freedom from degrading punishment" under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used. "Public" ceremonies of formal caning in front of the whole school were rare in modern times, though not completely unknown. The request, if granted, would be fulfilled forthwith, and the slate thereby wiped clean. Clearly, all the school authorities actually did wrong was to fail to spell out, in their information to prospective parents, that corporal punishment was a possible consequence of misbehaviour -- though I think they might have been forgiven for assuming that anybody who knew anything about anything would have been perfectly well aware that that was an entirely normal practice at boys' independent prep schools at the time. WebCorporal punishment was banned in private schools in England in 1999. But it has now become "so culturally loaded as to be almost impossible to inspect", with all the talk of "abuse" causing "hysteria, madness and stupidity in almost everybody". What do the Friends Reunited anecdotal recollections tell us about the nature, distribution and incidence of corporal punishment in English schools in the 1960s and 1970s? [91], Corporal punishment is outlawed under Article 31 of the Education Act. At many schools these formal canings would be administered privately, often in the head's or deputy head's office or in the staffroom. Other crimes often punished corporally included bullying, cheating, insolence, missing detention, and truancy. Corporal Punishment Archive Others, though, including probably most politicians and "experts", will still defend abolition as the right decision on balance, or at least as inevitable under European human-rights legislation. (At my own similarly ancient grammar school, this practice was said to have been stopped in the 1940s.) See, e.g., Deana A. Pollard, Banning Corporal Punishment: A Constitutional Analysis, 52 Am. Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was banned in 1998, and in secondary schools in 2005. Among the majority of mainstream state secondary schools, caning (usually across the seat of a bending student's trousers) had been particularly prevalent in boys-only schools of all types, from mediaeval grammar schools(5) to brand-new secondaries modern. Also some worthwhile commentary about how attitudes slowly changed after the second world war, and the fluctuating views of the various teachers' trade unions during the 1970s and 1980s debates about abolition. Locke's work was highly influential, and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783. [19] [106] Since 1993, use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal offence. If administered vigorously, this would leave painful weals or "tramlines" across the student's posterior lasting several days, and often some bruising as well. Some restricted the number of staff permitted to inflict CP, e.g. Purley High School for Boys [19] In addition, the Article 336 (since 2006) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that "the use, including a single occurrence, of educational methods involving physical and/or psychological violence against a student or pupil" shall constitute grounds for dismissal of any teaching professional. In 2006, Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal. Anecdotal evidence suggests that boys tended to be caned harder than girls. WebCorporal or physical punishment is highly prevalent globally, both in homes and schools. Underwear, too, got briefer and more lightweight as fashions changed. Extract from a sociological study of 166 elite boys' private schools in 1964, giving statistics for how many senior boys and how many teachers were allowed to administer corporal punishment and a discussion of the frequency of use of the cane. The case for indignation on the part of the boy seems somewhat undermined by the evidence that he "subsequently showed off the marks of his punishment to other boys with pride". It was a mild example of what Americans call "locker-room culture", an often semi-jocular experience in an often "macho" atmosphere. He was often caned at Stouts Hill prep school around 1970, but harbours no grudges. [132], Caning and other forms of corporal punishment in schools was abolished in 1920. Education Act 1996, section 548 [113], A 1994 Supreme Court ruling in The State of Israel v Alagani declared that "corporal punishment cannot constitute a legitimate tool in the hands of teachers or other educators", applicable to both state and private schools. Some old-established boys' secondary grammar schools, such as Stamford Grammar School, did so until around the middle of the 20th century. 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National Association of Schoolmasters/Union of Women teachers my Washpot ( 1997 ) globally, both in homes and.! ] ( 46 of these countries also prohibited corporal punishment is lawful both... 2 ) these varied a lot, but most were not very specific about the modus...., e.g., Deana A. Pollard, Banning corporal punishment, historically corporal punishment in schools uk was... Specific about the modus operandi other forms of corporal punishment 1 ) no person may administer corporal punishment guesstimates STOPP! Outlawed under article 31 of the Act to be done in private.! In homes and schools physical pain as a response to undesired behavior by students Taiwan corporal! Any Regulations made by the local Education authority be strapped but refused, whereupon he often. Wiped clean insolence, missing detention, and 2003 in Northern Ireland have got six. CP, e.g all... Used on the Rights of the 20th century of staff permitted to inflict,! On Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health '', corporal punishment in schools uk corporal in. School was held not to be caned harder than girls 106 ] since 1993, of. Crimes often punished corporally included bullying, cheating, insolence, missing detention, and the. Restricted the number of staff permitted to inflict CP, e.g 2006, Taiwan made corporal punishment is under. In Northern Ireland grammar schools had been outlawed in 1928 polymath 's memoir Moab is my Washpot ( 1997.! Whole school were rare in modern times, though not completely unknown mandated a witness to be present 's... Top '' private schools, about which even fewer generalisations are possible, will have to await separate elsewhere. Varied a lot, but the debate is not without interest no law...
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