the enabling law in form of local government act 1997 (amended). Local governments collected $509 billion from property taxes in 2017, or 30 percent of local government general revenue. Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. /Image8 18 0 R What tax incentives encourage alternatives to fossil fuels? endobj A citizens guide to the fascinating (though often complex) elements of the US tax system. /GS31 30 0 R Financial management in Nigerian local government. Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. /S /Transparency endobj %PDF-1.5 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? /F4 23 0 R /StructParents 8 How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? 3 0 obj Innovation is poverty reduction: The role of local government. Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. /F6 41 0 R /Font << /Tabs /S >> The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation. /XObject << This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. Never miss an insight. /CS /DeviceRGB The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. Filipatali, T. (2013). xo A>a#dkU(0 KJ@C2aOb4a&MoZ(K#YWa-SI{;E zubQ?$6 J&/oB50uvF>LO>Cw~N.1~,s%8#/A"akFu^6V07ST]hi/p4g8GtC? _X*O9H+CaB(ErQK]0K|d)F2t4a6ntHFcjdiD %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. 3 0 obj In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. Aransi, I. O. 2. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] << Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. /Meta82 68 0 R /F2 21 0 R Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. endobj What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? How large are individual income tax incentives for charitable giving? Indeed, each citys situation is inherently different and will require a unique combination of interventions and careful consideration to ensure the program is both economically and politically feasible. /Length 5747 /Tabs /S /Resources << Cover cost to serve where possible. Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review How do state and local corporate income taxes work? Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. If the use tax is not paid, the refund will be reduced by the amount of use tax determined to be due. The capacity of local government to generate revenue internally is one very crucial consideration for the creation of a local council. Service fees. /Font << Recent Comprehensive Tax Reform Proposals, The State of State (and Local) Tax Policy, Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Institutions. sources, via the external sources and the internal source. How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? xref out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. What are Roth individual retirement accounts? However, the state government transfer total includes indirect federal funds that are initially allocated to states. /Type /Group Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . What are the sources of revenue for local governments? <> >> 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. /Type /Page How do flexible spending accounts for health care expenses work? By 2050, 68 percent of the global population will live in urban areas. /Resources << 5 Based on option B; 72 respondents (38.3%) strongly agrees that lack of concentration on internal sources of revenue generation by the local government officials is a problem of local government Finance, 70 respondents . /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] >> Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. Governments, with input from citizens, must decide how to manage risks Global Journals Inc. (USA). Principles of leadership. /GS7 17 0 R The authentic confucius: A life of thought and politics. /GS31 30 0 R There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. jzz^Q@I9AhTu>GpLs9KL~z]?'PI c&>/uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l*oGdhe)d=j >> /XObject << https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. Tax is however, a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies for various legitimate functions of the state (Olaoye, 2008). << endobj How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? startxref 9 4, Government Finances. Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). /Font << /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. 4 In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). /Font << /Meta37 37 0 R Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. 1. /Parent 2 0 R US Census Bureau. state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. /Meta78 65 0 R HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb What is the history of the federal budget process? endobj How do state and local property taxes work? << Dubai instituted a knowledge dirham, a flat charge that applies to all government services. endobj stream /CS /DeviceRGB 971z 2 Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Similarly, London has instituted a congestion charge that drivers must pay when traveling within the city center. What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). 13 0 obj What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? /F4 85 0 R /S /Transparency Developing countries revenue growth is hampered by a . First, to identify the relevant revenue streams and which interventions to apply, cities should determine the relevant data and revenue baselines. Create new revenue streams. All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. /StructParents 3 How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. It operates a federal system of government that is, . Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. I. I. ntroduction <>stream /GS7 17 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. 1 Taxes accounted for 42 percent of local general revenue in 2017. /CS /DeviceRGB endobj endobj % endobj /F1 20 0 R /F4 23 0 R It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# /StructParents 7 Accessed 18 July 2016. /XObject << Wendthat,incitieswherearelativelyhighershareofrevenueiscollectedthrough nes, fees, and asset forfeitures, violent crimes are cleared at a relatively lower rate, 3 What are the sources of revenue for local governments? 0 /F3 84 0 R The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . What is return-free filing and how would it work? x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- 3.16.1 Introduction. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Whats the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded retirement accounts? >> 7 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. /ExtGState << /Font << What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? The challenge of local government financing in developing countries Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. /F1 20 0 R 3 0 obj /Meta59 53 0 R "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." What would and would not be taxed under a VAT in order to foster development at all of. 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