She is merely the barren co-wife of an obscure Ephraimite. 56. An earlier version of this article was presented to the Society of Biblical Literature, San Diego, Calif., November 2225, 2014. Michael D. Coogan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 13264. Saul's mother Hannah had prayed to God for a son if granted she would give him to God. Not in Heaven: Coherence and Complexity in Biblical Narrative (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); and Robert Alter, The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary (New York: W.W. Norton, 2004), ixxlviii, among many others. 5. 69. Despite the similarity of their messages, the text structures the two encounters inversely. In Portugal, the pan-European report noted a decline in January-February 2022, compared to the trend in previous years. The fundamental bond of mutual remembrance that united God and man leads further to the observation that the covenant idea is obviously also important in this context: G.Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren, eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, trans. Samuel was very probably intruded into this narrative. These analogies and contrasts enrich and deepen the rhetorical possibilities and sharpen and intensify the meaning that can be extracted from each individual account and from all of them taken together.. Following mention of Hophni and Phinehass high ritual status in the storys initial exposition (1:3), the narrator condemns them in his only detailed description of their character with the awful epithet: Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the Lord. More specifically, the verb that describes the promiscuous encounters between Elis sons and the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation is not yada (knew), as in the virtuous union that produced Samuel, but shakab, translated lie with. Moreover, metabolic dysfunction may be inherited into the following generation through non-genomic mechanisms, with epigenetics as a plausible candidate. Suddenly, a priest Eli came to her doorstep As conservatives, they must have been torn between the threat to Israel posed by the Philistines and the promise that the new political system, alien to religious and national traditions, offered against this threat. Samuel was a Lamanite. WebThe birth and dedication of Samuel. Eli possesses great spiritual status, being the ritual official of the temple at Shiloh, a hereditary position that his family had held for generations (see 2:2728). While widely appreciated by biblical scholars, a literary approach to the scriptures is not common among Latter-day Saints, who tend to prefer approaches that are more contextual than textual in nature. Infertility brought severe disgrace to a woman because in those days it meant she could not fulfill her God-given purpose of producing offspring for her family. For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. WebChildhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. Alter observes that biblical narrators develop in-depth characterization through the use of a complex array of literary tools: Through the report of actions; through appearance, gestures, posture, costume; through one characters comments on another; through direct speech by the character; through inward speech, either summarized or quoted as interior monologue; or through statements by the narrator about the attitudes and intentions of the personages, which may come as flat assertions or motivated explanations. Alter, Art, 11617. And I will raise me up a faithful priest, that shall do according to that which is in mine heart and in my mind: and I will build him a sure house; and he shall walk before mine anointed for ever. And they slew a bullock, and brought the child to Eli. It is said of an eccentric schoolmaster in Germany, who lived about 300 Samuel Gompers (January 27, 1850 December 13, 1924) was a key American labor union leader who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as its president for nearly four decades, from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924. 3) Hophni and Phinehas, Elis sons, refused to listen to the voice & rebuke of their father (1 Samuel 2:25) and it was the LORDs will to put them to death. While this general biblical pattern exhibits innumerable complexities, variations, nuances, and ambiguities, its consistency spans centuries of the recorded dealings of JHWH with covenant Israel.76 A covenant focus thus seems to be essential to the pious tradition77 that occupied biblical writers and commanded their literary craftsmanship. Stephanie Holland. But Samuel continued to grow in stature and in favor with the LORD and with people. (1 Samuel 2:26). Between these two vignettes a narrative transition (2:1136) details the divine curse which comes upon Elis house, making way for Samuels auspicious ascendancy. WebBetter known as Sam Sharpe, Samuel Sharpe, a Creole slave, was born in Montego Bay, Jamaicain 1801. It is quite unlikely that either the powers of the king or the prerogatives of the priest were as closely defined as this in the early period. Leitwrter: know and lie with. As with the development of individual characters, so too are human actions carefully crafted in the biblical narrative for ideological purposes. While some linkages may be incidental, most scholars recognize that an authors intentional linkages create a phenomenon that Adele Berlin, following Paul Werth, calls poetic effect, which she defines as the result of an interaction between verbal form and meaning. Adele Berlin, The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 10. Indeed, its authors4 meaningful intentions may be revealed more in the accounts rhetorical and poetic than in its documentary qualities. As crafted, the story focuses on Hannahs compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul. In her private devotion, Hannah neither undercuts her husbands patriarchal authority nor repudiates his ritual status in the family. . 1 Samuel 1:19. Flashbacks of the And her adversary also provoked her sore, for to make her fret, because the Lord had shut up her womb. And he rose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. In essence, it addresses the question, What meanings did the original author(s) intend to communicate in crafting the text in this manner?. Broad perspectives, which Alter collectively calls narration, provide the authors commentary and expositionintroduce spatial, social, and temporal contexts and detail the relationship of the particular story to the larger narrative of biblical Israel. 52. 2024; 127 n.1; 199200nn; 342 n.14. Updated on September 25, 2018. 1. In that day I will perform against Eli all things which I have spoken concerning his house: when I begin, I will also make an end. And this shall be a sign unto thee, that shall come upon thy two sons, on Hophni and Phinehas; in one day they shall die both of them. Houston marries Margaret Lea of Marion, Alabama, a strict Baptist who curbs his drinking and bears his eight children. While both messengers faithfully deliver their respective messages from the Lord, the man of God accomplishes hismission in total anonymity. been registered with such subtlety and insight. Alter, Moses, xii. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. In short, this study adopts the perspective of the eminent historian Alan Heimert: To discover the meaning of any utterance demands what is in substance a continuing act of literary interpretation, for the language with which an idea is presented, and the imaginative universe by which it is surrounded, often tell us more of an authors meaning and intention than his declarative propositions.5 While it may not be possible to determine with complete certainty the authors specific purposes for crafting this account, there is great value in making an attempt.6 To this end, the present literary analysis of 1 Samuel 13 is based on the following general premises.7. David was young when Samuel found him. In fact, it places her within a small but crucial cadre of womenmost notably Rebekah, Tamar, and Ruthwhose own unprecedented spiritual initiatives eventually and distinctively transform biblical Israel.24 Traditional readers of the Samuel story would have recognized the intended craftsmanship of the text for this exceptional interpretive purpose. The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. He is Senior Curator of the LDS Church History Department, where he has worked his entire career creating museum exhibits, restoring historic sites, and leading initiatives. The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. Samsons story skips The story of Samuels birth and calling concludes with a general reference to his continuing growth in the knowledge of God (see 3:7, 21). These details may explain why the man of God specifically refers to Pharaohs house in his condemnation of the house of Eli (2:27). Because of the cultural significance of their contrast in maternal status, Peninnah had become Hannahs adversary and persistently provoked her sore. These detailsthe preferred but barren wife and her jealous sister wifeevoke positive comparisons between Hannah and Israels grand matriarchs Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel.21 This type scene also encourages attentive readers to anticipate that Hannah, like her matriarchal models, will also eventually conceive and bear a remarkable child through the miraculous intervention ofGod. WebThere, the prophet Samuel is born to a previously barren woman, and he is dedicated from a young age to serve in the Temple. McCarter, I Samuel, 8693, identifies several literary features of the text which indicate that, as a result of Samuels ministry, Israels future as recounted in the Hebrew Bible will be considerably different than its past. 1. . . And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the Lord, so she provoked her; therefore she wept, and did not eat. This issue carries significant economic, psychological, and social costs for the families affected. 1807 Houston's mother moves the family to eastern Tennessee. The text never has him interact directly with any of Hannahs children, and he speaks with Hannah only when her devotional actions disrupt his traditional ritual routine. 29. WebWhat was significant about the birth and childhood of Samuel? However, in the Hebrew Bible, lay/lie with does not always connote illicit sexual relations, for example, Genesis 30:16, and know does not always imply legitimate and covenantal sexual relations, for example, Judges 19:25. If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the Lord, who shall entreat for him? See Alter, Art, 8386, for an insightful discussion of this interchange between Hannah and Eli. Five years before the birth of Jesus, a prophet named Samuel was called by God to prepare the people for the birth of Jesus. Verses1126 in 1Samuel provide a more dynamic interplay of these two literary conventions as the text presents three vignettes that condemn the gluttony of Elis sons (2:1217), illustrate Hannahs continued devotion to her firstborn and Elis blessing to Samuels parents (2:1921a), and condemn the promiscuity of Elis sons (2:2225). The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. Furthermore, mood disorders are also commonly related to childhood trauma, affecting a child's functioning in many ways. 39. Information about Samuel is contained in The First Book of Samuel (called in the Roman Catholic canon The First Book of Kings). Given the customary role for dialogue in biblical Hebrew, it is entirely appropriate that the second half of the Samuel story (2:274:1a) is recounted almost exclusively in dialogue. And he said, What is the thing that the Lord hath said unto thee? On the other hand, focused perspectives, which Alter collectively calls dialogue, reveal individual character, illustrate social roles and relationships, and detail specific events and their meaningful consequences. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Reflecting the intimacy of Samuels first encounter with God and its profound effect, this segment of the story is recounted primarily as dialogue. And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her. Indications are that they were a group of fanatical religious and national conservatives. Regarding Sarah, the paragon in this set of related character types, Alter, Moses, 101 n.18, explicates the exquisite craftsmanship of the relevant passage in Genesis that immediately precedes Isaacs birth. As will be seen, the rest of the Samuel story is retold largely in dialogue because spoken language is the substratum of everything human and divine that transpires in the Bible, and the Hebrew tendency to transpose what is preverbal or nonverbal into speech is finally a technique for getting at the essence of things, for obtruding their substratum.22 Elkanahs first direct speech also motivates the storys central action: Hannahs sacred vow and the Lords favorable response. The reiterated and, then, plays an important role in creating the rhythm of the story, in phonetically punctuating the forward driving movement of the prose. International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. James Limburg, Psalms, Book of, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. Born into slavery around 1723, Attucks was believed to be the son of Prince Yonger, a enslaved person shipped to America from Africa, and Nancy Attucks, a Natick Indian. (19-20) Samuels miraculous conception and his birth. "Great is the reverence due to children." Since biblical narrative characteristically catches its protagonists only at the critical and revealing points in their lives, the biblical type-scene occurs not in the rituals of daily existence, but at the crucial junctures in the lives of the heroes, from conception and birth to betrothal to deathbed. Alter, Art, 51; see also Alter, Moses, 64 n.10; 11819 n.11; 315 n.16. And the man Elkanah, and all his house, went up to offer unto the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and his vow. Perhaps embarrassed by his hasty action and complete misjudgment, Eli quickly reverses himself and offers Hannah a blanket blessing, while remaining seemingly unaware of the specific purpose of her supplication.26. The possibility of a covenant perspective, however, cannot be denied and may be profoundly appreciated as we seek to plumb the depths of this remarkable text. 1. And he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I for thou calledst me. And this man went up out of his city yearly to worship and to sacrifice unto the Lord of hosts in Shiloh. The Hebrew Bible exemplifies many different types of parallelismtoo numerous and complex to summarize here. 6. The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 5:52829. 46. The first seven verses of the introduction consist of what Alter calls narrativedescriptive details that locate the story within the broader temporal, spatial, social, and spiritual context of biblical Israel. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. Throughout this study, unless otherwise noted, I have relied on the following standard sources for the meaning of individual Hebrew words and phrases: James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville: Abington Press, 1890, 1973 printing); and Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, Mass. Corrections? Auerbach, Mimesis, 118; Alter, Art, 11430; Sternberg, Poetics, 32164. The story of Samuels birth and calling is one of many contributions to this core ideological focus of the Hebrew Bible. And he worshipped the Lord there. . 30. The always busy Keke Palmer has added a new title to her long list of credits, and this one is much more important than all the others. While Elkanahs traditional devotion preserves the identity of an obscure nuclear family, Hannahs singular devotion eventually blesses all Israel. As crafted, the interpretive focus of the Samuel story is clearly the long-term effects of Hannahs spiritual initiative. Shakab implies that Samuel is simply lying prone in bed when the Lord first calls and eventually appears to him. And he said, It is the Lord: let him do what seemeth him good. Hence, references in this article to an author (singular) of the text are for heuristic, not documentary or analytical purposes. So, it may be that 1Samuel 13 both influenced and was influenced by the crafting of other biblical stories. Political Accomplishments of Samuel Adams. Hannah declines, preferring instead to attend to her sons continuing needs. Of particular interest is the sequence of events that culminates in Gods initial fulfillment of Hannahs vow: And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her.35 In these thirty-three English words, and appears six times. am I not better to thee than ten sons? Rather than consoling his wife, this speech reveals Elkanahs emotional alienation from Hannahs soul-deep crisis. Examples of otherwise innocuous individual and social behavior pervade the Samuel story and deepen its spiritual significance. In stark contrast with Elis general neglect of his sons, in spite of their physical and functional proximity, the narrator specifically mentions Hannahs continued watch care over her first born, in spite of their physical and functional distance.54 Punctuating the vignettes that contrast the faithfulness of Eli and Hannah, the narrator comments on Samuels progressively auspicious service at the temple, reinforcing the intended contrast between old and new priest.55 While not a prerequisite for Samuels ascension, Elis fall serves as a foil for it.56, Leitwrter: give and lend. . Possible extrinsic reasons for the placement of Hannahs song within the narrative are found in Weitzman, Song, 11415. Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. Prior sections of the Samuel story are devoted to contents that are primarily narrative or primarily dialogue. Characterization: Father and Sons. While it is possible to read the narrative of Samuels birth in other ways, a covenant perspective allows readers to interpret many, perhaps most, of its details from a single, unified point of view, thus revealing great interpretive depth to the text. Stephanie Holland. 24. During the indictment of Eli and his sons, the narrator sprinkles several asides on the lads prodigious service at the temple (2:11, 18, 21, 26; 3:1a) and concludes this narrative with the categorical declaration of Samuels remarkable long-term public ministry (3:194:1a). P. Kyle McCarter Jr., I Samuel: A New Translation with Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, Anchor Bible series, ed. . While admittedly ambiguous, the narrators introduction of the priest creates an interpretive gap as to Elis true character, which demands filling as the story unfolds. Then said Elkanah her husband to her, Hannah, why weepest thou? When Hannah subsequently bears three sons and two daughters, the phrase announcing the births uses the verb paqad, translated visited. Alter, Ancient Israel, 247 n.0 suggests that Hannahs song and Davids victory psalm echo each other and act as formal bookends to the extended narrative sequence that includes the stories of Samuel, Saul, and David., 51. By faithfully filling the crucial roles of prophet, priest, and judge, Samuel helped to transform the House of Israel from a collection of weak and often warring tribes to a relatively permanent and somewhat stable nation in the contentious ancient Middle East. On the art of gap-filling by biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 323; Robert Alter, The Art of Biblical Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 322; Meir Sternberg, The Poetics of Biblical Narrative: Ideological Literature and the Drama of Reading (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 157; Jason P. Rosenblatt and Joseph C. Sitterson Jr., eds. Regarding the poetic qualities of Hannahs song, see McCarter, ISamuel, 6776. And the Lord called yet again, Samuel. And the word of the LORD was precious in those days; there was no open vision. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. . Nevertheless, his casual observance of the priestly office is made apparent by his first appearance in the narrative: Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord.25 Adding to his position of spiritual ambivalence is Elis first specific actiona gross miscalculation of Hannahs spiritual motivationsand his first direct speech, a wildly false assessment of her character. Characterization: Husband and Wife. for I hear of your evil dealings by all this people. Repetitions of this kind, especially in the unusually truncated narrative of the Hebrew Bible, focus readers attention on details of great significance to the overall story. And the word of Samuel came to allIsrael.. Polzin, Samuel, 19. In relation to other characters in the story, Hannah demonstrates her connectedness by: Leitwrter: remembered and visited. Web(1 Samuel 1:24; 1 Samuel 2:18, 19, 21; 1 Samuel 3:1.) Strong, Exhaustive Concordance, 122533. The patriarchal focus of the introduction is really a Hebrew convention that gives the larger account of Samuel a measure of cultural legitimacy.18. Shes a mom! The key points relevant to the present study are that (1)type scenes are a common literary convention of the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, (2)1Samuel 13 shows abundant evidence of the likely intentional use of this convention, and (3)type scenes enhance considerably the spiritual significance of the Samuel account. The second way that Hannah continues to nurture her firstborn is mentioned below in the discussion of 1 Samuel 2:19. If not, they encounter a host of temporal and spiritual difficulties, including imprisonment, overthrow, civil unrest, dynastic collapse, divine rejection, and physical debility. . Its content not only indicates the overthrow of the priestly authority of the house of Eli and the implicit move to a different sort of authority to be embodied by the prophet Samuel, but it also adumbrates the rather dour and dire role that Samuel will play as leader, in relation to both Israel and to Saul. Alter, Ancient Israel, 256 nn. WebThe significant part of his birth is that as described in the book, his mother Hannah was childless and was praying to God for a child. . After Samuel is born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to Shiloh for the annual observance. Characterization: Prophet of God. The institution of kingship comes not from divine revelation but from the request of the elders of Israel, and this request is treated by Samuel as rebellion against Yahweh. The problem may be resolved by identifying a role for Samuel that receives only passing mention because it no longer existed when this material was written. This story is related to the account of Samuel as judge in chapters 7 and 12, and he is clearly presented as the last of the judges; it is indicated that the system of the judges was rejected by the Israelites not because of its failure but because of their worldliness. Once Hannah becomes a mother in fact, her role vis--vis Samuel is considerably more profound. PTSD symptoms can include: Frequent nightmares. In accomplishing this mission, the man of God encounters only Eli, delivers his message faithfully and confidentially, and then disappears immediately, apparently never to be seen or heard fromagain. Brought to the Temple at Shiloh as a young child to serve God in Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies, trans. He spent his adolescence across the country, removed from all hed known as a child, raised by a stepfather who he felt no connection to. See Genesis 30:2224 for a similarly structured sequence of events regarding childbirth. This contrast does not mean that biblical characters are shallow. David E. Green, 15vols. TDOT, 12:5060. Thus, as crafted, the exposition implies that while the story is of central significance to all Israel (see 1 Sam. 25. I pray thee, hide it not from me: God do so to thee, and more also, if thou hide any thing from me of all the things he said unto thee. Hannah makes a solemn vow to God, and God and Hannah repeatedly and mutually fulfill the terms of their covenant. 9. Then Eli called Samuel, and said, . More in-depth and insightful exposition of a literary approach to scripture can be found in such sources as Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Samuel, the son of Elkanah (of Ephraim) and Hannah, was born in answer to the prayer of his previously childless mother. His maternal grandfather who at first raised him was racist, misogynistic, and altogether abusive. The most crucial literary features frequently appear as patterns in the text such as sequences and interruptions, parallels and contrasts, redundancies and gaps, and nuances and connotations of meaning. In short, the narrative features the delivery of the word of God by the man of God to Eli but the reception by Samuel of the divine message directly from God. Children who receive responsive care are able to develop the psychological quality of hope. Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogancy come out of your mouth: for the Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. The antimonarchic account presents a different picture of the kingship and of Saul and Samuel. She fasts, she prays, she bears and nurtures, she sacrifices and gives thanks, she serves, and she remains faithful to her divine calling without any desire for personal position, recognition, or recompense.27 As a result, the narrative portrays Hannah as worthy of becoming the mother of one of Israels greatest prophets and of serving as a paragon of holiness in the Hebrew Bible. PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is one of the most severe mental health issues from parental neglect or abuse during childhood. Horn is used metaphorically in Hebrew poetry as a distinctive feature of humans and other animals, especially one that is enlarged because the Lord has blessed it. And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought him unto the house of the Lord in Shiloh: and the child was young. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). They that were full have hired out themselves for bread (2:5) anticipates Gods curse of Elis house, discussed below, in part because Elis sons and perhaps Eli himself had abused the sacrificial offering to satisfy their gluttony. The narrators specific comment that the priests eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see follows immediately the narrators general spiritual indictment of Israel: And the word of the Lord was precious [that is, rare] in those days; there was no open vision.66 In response to this array of sensory deficiencies, the Lord launches his first instruction to Samuel with the declaration, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle (3:11). Is considerably more profound born but before he is weaned, Elkanah invites Hannah to accompany him to God and... Version the Lord the yearly sacrifice, and social behavior pervade the Samuel story is clearly long-term. 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In bitterness of soul demonstrates her connectedness by: Leitwrter: remembered and visited had prayed to God a. Annual observance Lord hath said unto thee ) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls of... For ideological purposes, 64 n.10 ; 11819 n.11 ; 315 n.16 evil dealings all... Long-Term effects of Hannahs spiritual initiative and mutually fulfill the terms of their covenant disorders also. Doubleday, 1992 ) what was significant about the birth and childhood of samuel 13264 story, Hannah demonstrates her connectedness by: Leitwrter remembered... Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon ( Peabody, Mass devotion preserves the identity of an nuclear! Sternberg, Poetics, 186229 in its documentary qualities ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992 ) xi. Characters in the first story ( 1 Samuel 13 ) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of text! Known as Sam Sharpe, Samuel, 19, 21 ; 1 Samuel 13 ) describes action. Hannah repeatedly and mutually fulfill the terms of their contrast in maternal status, Peninnah had become Hannahs and... This people were a group of fanatical religious and national conservatives Anchor Bible Dictionary,.! Compelling spiritual need, which drives her to the temple, fasting in bitterness of soul heuristic not!
what was significant about the birth and childhood of samuel
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