When they are considered ready to be made full members of the tribe the elders hold a convention and decide on a bumbat being held, generally when there are three or four youths to be initiated. After the dances and games are over, one of the men sometimes sounds a goonandhakeea (excrement-eater) in the bush near the camp. It is quite true, he added, when it is said that no white man ever saw a bora ceremony. One subject that has interested me for years is the way big- logs were across the Williams River; one, and often two, on each of the smaller farms. Celebrated Fisherman of New South Wales, in a canoe the woman sitting down is supposed to be is [sic] wife. The aboriginal natives were the primary tenants of this soil ; they subsisted in the woods by fishing and hunting:, and it was illegal for any one to disturb them in the possession of these natural rightsThe jury af- ter having retired for considerably upwards of an hour, returned with a verdict of Guilty of Manslaughter, but recommended the prisoner to mercy, from the peculiar circumstances under which the offence was committed. They disappeared in a northerly direction but were pursued by a party of armed soldiers and assigned servants and overtaken some twenty miles away. The form of the grave was oval, and its depth when finished short of four feet. We arrived at 4 p.m. and found Messrs. Jenkin and Swayne had returned from Lawlers and had found the whole flock of sheep, missing and all the people much scared. The flesh was a delicate white color, and I confess that I tasted it one one occasion only and found it good. These tasty morsels were shaped like tiny puddings, and when ripe would be eaten raw. A wide range of plant foods was collected from the lowland forests. They ascended the lofty Mackenzie Table land and located the first body of fugitive natives camped on the northern face of the mountain on a narrow shelf above a gigantic cliff which overhung a tangled mass of brush and vines. The Wonnarua people's traditional lands are located in the Hunter Valley area of New South Wales. The diameters of this oval space were 28 feet and 20 feet respectively, being smaller than the oval near the camp. At the given signal the men would dash into the water until up to their mid. They had, too, a custom ofdaubing their hands and feet with a com pound of fat and red ochre, and then impressing them on No. Leaves are then thickly strewn on this bark, forming a kind of couch, and when the painting of the novices is completed, they are led into the ring and placed sitting down in a row on the couch of leaves - the novices belonging to each tribe being put in a group by themselves on that side of the ring which faces their own country. The men took a mischievous pleasure in killing the wood-pecker which represented the totem of the women. (HEC). [8] This beating of boomerangs and stamping is repeated till the men get quite close to the back of the goonambang. University of Newcastle history professor Lyndall Ryan, who has spent almost a decade cataloguing colonial frontier massacres for an online map, found evidence of a massacre further up the Hunter Valley, but not near the Ravensworth homestead. Kneeling in the middle of his canoe, the mariner would dip deeply on one side and then half turn and dip on the other side. The day after the arrival of the Keeranga-or it may be in a few days time-very early in the morning, perhaps before. The headmen now ask the women to come up close, and the mother of each boy sits on the ground just outside the ring, near her son; his sisters and relatives are a little farther off, and the other women and children outside of the last named. Ironically, it is directly above Baime cave where Europeans first viewed the Upper Hunter, led from Sydney by a tracker from the Wonnarua tribe. The Dungog blacks spoke practically the same language as all the coastal tribes from the Manning River as far south as Botany Bay. The blacks had lately been very troublesome and bold. One of the most remarkable beliefs I remember, also concerns [fishing] An aboriginal woman, Fanny, who was a servant of our family for many years, was in her girlhood days dedicated to the art of fishing. was open to attack from the Wallamba and Cape Hawke blacks [who] raided the run and speared the stock, driving many of the cattle [to the]unknown brushy headwaters of the Myall and Crowford to Bundbach, on the northern shores of Port Stephens. These two massacres are said to have taken about two hundred lives and the natives were still being pursued towards the Upper Arundel from where they could escape into The Falls Country. At a distance of about 7 chains in a north-north-westerly direction from the goonambang, along the top of the ridge, were a few other marked trees, the dharroong on some of which are still distinguishable. This account is very characteristic of similar meetings observed by anthropologists in the Coopers Creek country. The mystery bags carried by the men evidently held some significant superstitious meaning, the profundity of which I was never able to fathom, despite careful inquiry on the subject. On one occasion my father, having caught several of the youths in the act of purloining some of these delectables, remonstrated with them, and upbraided them sternly for stealing. But a different local Indigenous group said Indigenous oral history did not prove a massacre at Ravensworth occurred. It was probably at this site that my great-great- grandmothers kinship fathers passed those intermediate days between boyhood and manhood. They wrote down what they thought they heard, but the Gringai language (Kathang or Gathang) does not have equiv- alent English consonants. The blacks superstitiously avoid mention of their deceased brethren. 55, of 2,000 acres, in the parish of Lewinsbrook, county of Durham. The kinship group was the economic and social unit of the tribe. Mr. McKenzie was, some four months later, accidentally killed fell off his horse while crossing the Cobark River opposite the reserve above Cobark House and his remains rest on a grassy knoll close by. Most of the older hands in Dungog can remember the old aboriginal cemetery near Mr William Abbots home at Violet Hill and at the rear of the Rectory. The language spoken around Newcastle and Lake Macquarie called by the aborigines Awaaba was much the same, and the whole language was named Kurring-gai by some, and Awaabakal by others. Two days prior to this, while in the Jerrys Plains area, Cunningham had noted Exocarpus [Native Cherry] and Sterculia heterophyllus [Kurrajong - NSW Herbarium] appearing in every part of the Forest. The [women], who played a part in this ceremony were made to lie down around the edge of the oval, al- though whether within or outside the defined ring I am not able to say with certainty. Some are said to have survived the operation for three days. The Wonnarua had some idea of a Great Spirit, but what the idea was my informant does not know. Mr Franks declined the ABC's requests for an interview but spoke about the matter in a webinar hosted by NSW Greens MLC David Shoebridge. Some of the English has been edited to modern equivalents, for example, Jew-Lizard becomes Eastern Water Dragon. Mathews, R.H. 1897. We would also like to pay respect to Elders both past and present of the Wonnarua nation and extend that respect to all other Aboriginal people. Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation chief executive Laurie Perry said there were "tit-for-tat skirmishes" on the land, but "there was no massacre on the site or recorded massacre on the site". The illustration above, Broken Bay [Hawkesbury RIver]Jemmy. The Blacks of Dungog, Port Stephens and Gresford. One woman of each small tribe was usually dedicated this way, and to her was entrusted the task ct fashioning the fishing lines, the virtues accruing from her innate powers over fish being of course communicated to the lines she made. The law claimed yet another victim. % Women were not allowed to see drawings of Baiame nor approach Baiame sites, which are often male initiation sites (boras). on which a few embers were always burning. This being done, the whole force of the assembled tribes came up, running, shouting, and striking their shields with their clubs, and using a roarer which produced the most fearful and unnatural sounds. Come and explore what our researchers, curators and education programs have to offer. They learned to track the native animals, became wise in the ways of fish and bird, and made a game of life generally. A row of fires are lit in front of this shelter, and beyond these fires the surface of the ground is cleared of all loose rubbish and grass for a distance of several yards, the rubbish forming a sort of embankment around the farther side of the cleared space. Some time after around 1841 the original Hookes and Laurie family moving in after that date. Venerable men, and men of distinction were buried with much ceremony, but ordinary members of the tribe, and females, were disposed of in a perfunctory man- ner. Scott Franks, of the Plains Clans Wonnarua People (PCWP), believedthe colonial past of the RavensworthEstateinvolvedthe brutal massacre of First Nations people. An assigned man was splitting timber near the head of Tin Creek, when four blacks came along and watched him at work for some time. It Is marvellous what the blacks were able to fashion in the way of weapons and equipment of various kinds. This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. Never once In all my life at Carrington did I ever see a [child] slapped or chastised, and the younger fry could be mischievous and very trying on occasions. The ceremonial break from their mothers signified the first step towards manhood, it was the beginning of an event that would make them spiritually as well as physically different from women. The seeds of Zamia spiralis [a species of cycad] were soaked in a creek or swamp for several weeks, pounded and then roasted (Threlkeld in Gunsom 1974:55; Backhouse 1843:380). The Reverend gentleman was assisted by another aborigine, who could understand English, but who being of no religion at all, could not be sworn as. The fish spear (tutti) was .made In three distinct parts. The A. Examination of Rodwell continuedit was not more than a minute after we came up to their camp, that the blacks threw their spears, and boomarings at us; they attacked us without any provocation on our part; after they threw their spears, four or five shots were fired from our party; I fired, and the deceased fired also I think at the man who wounded him ; the blacks still continued to throw their spears at us after they had wounded the deceased; Flynn pulled out the spear first, then discharged his fowling piece, and followed the prisoner; the deceased called out to me that he had been speared, and pointed to the black who had speared him; I afterwards took off Flynns shirt, and examined the wound ; the wound bled very little; I did not think it a dangerous one; the deceased did not complain of much pain; he walked the first day after he had received the wound, I should think 13 or 14 miles; on the next day he walked to the Courthouse at Williams River, which was about eight miles distance ; on the following morning he left the Courthouse to go to the General Hospital at Newcastle, but on the way I heard that he was taken ill, and conveyed by one of the drays of the Australian Agricultural Company to. The Australian Museum holds a collection of about 300 Indonesian textiles. The territories on which Canberra (Ngunnawal), Perth (Noongar),. I have seen the totems Mr Bennett mentions small chrystally pieces of quartz, stalactites with beautiful natural facets sexagon, octagon, and other shapes. If, on the contrary, the tribe to whom the white stone was sent consider the time inopportune, or that there are other weighty reasons for post-poning the general gathering, no white stone is returned by the messenger, and the initiator then knows that they do not approve of his proposal, and the matter lapses for the present. King Micky, of Cooplacurripa, was well tattooed on the chest and on the muscles of the arms. has publicly denounced the use of the word Guringai. A cave near Milbrodale contains many Wonnarua Aboriginal paintings, including a large figure of a man who may be Baiame. The sparks would be gently blown upon until a flame appeared, when thereafter it was no trouble to build up a roaring fire. I have mentioned that the blacks were ver y accurate in the use of the spear, being able to hurl this weapon for remarkably long distances. The wordgames anagrams, crossword, Lettris and Boggle are provided by Memodata. SmartDraw's family tree template starts you with a basic family structure already on the page. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Polding spoke of the sexual abuse of mere children who are thus made incapable of becom- ing mothers. The Gloucester Advocate 22 March 1935. At other times the soldier bird is imitated; sometimes the flying fox [fruit bat], the native bear [koala], the rock wallaby, the wombat, and other animals. Baime awoke and created everything, the mountains, plains, rivers and every living thing. all one afternoon, until stopped by the manager of the station and his men, but while the manager was persuading the. The attire usually consisted of a kangaroo skin tied round the middle with a belt of fibre or sinews. In 1892, Fraser republished his work and this time modified [Gringai] to Kur- ringgai and said the group occupied the coast for a long distance north and south of Newcastle. One of the men would then sound a bull-roarer just after dark in the vicinity of the camp, and next morning everyone would pack up and proceed by easy stages towards the appointed tryst, dances and songs being indulged in at night at each of the stages along their route. The business of fishing was per- haps the most important of all to the natives. On perceiving these Billy flatly re- fused to accompany us. Then the mothers go back to their own quarters, and the novices are taken by their guardians a short distance away, where they make a camp. In the meantime the novices, who are now called keeparra, have been taken a short distance from the main camp, where quarters are prepared for them, and their guardians remain with them. Add new content to your site from Sensagent by XML. Tra ditional hunting grounds were depleted, and sacred sites were destroyed. Even the casual white man, uninitiated Into the ways of the chase, could have gleaned a living with little difficulty in that land of milk and honey. Thus their visitor was put at his ease, and in a most tactful manner. Owing to the humming noise which they have themselves been making, and the quiet manner in which the men and boys have come in, such of the younger women who have not been to a keeparra before are surprised to see the cordon of white men standing around them. 4 0 obj Nothing would be said to the women about these proceedings until the time arrived for making a start for the place of meeting. 02 6571 1199, email Magistrates of the Dun- gog District, responding to an 1845 survey, recorded that the diminution in births was most remarkable, attributing the decline to sexual intercourse with the whites at a very tender age. ), http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=584, "A salvage grammar and wordlist of the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie", http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/HRLM%20part%201.pdf, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Divisions/Academic/Library/Cultural%20Collections/pdf/miller1886.pdf, http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wonnarua.htm, "Aboriginal associations with the park area", http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHeritage.aspx?id=N0002, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/WNAC%20Strategic%20Plan.pdf, http://www.visitdungog.com.au/areahistory.php, https://sites.google.com/site/amcatmuseum/maitland-history, http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/caergwrle/index.html, http://www.tocal.com/homestead/history/overview.htm, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation website, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation Strategic Plan 20092012, http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=2&page=TIN_Tribal&level=3&code=4&item=E5, "Selected bibliography of material on the Wonnarua / Wanaruah language and people held in the AIATSIS Library", http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/library/docs/langbibs/Wonnarua_May08.pdf, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/about%20the%20wonnarua%202.pdf, List of Indigenous Australian group names, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonnarua&oldid=494492741. Figure 4: Richard Browne (17711824). This would take out the sap and render the wood reasonably soft for application of the tools used as scrapers. The Wonnarua Language & Culture Archive is owned and managed by the Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC), and it has been created for educational purposes. These pieces of bark about 9 inches or a foot long, and 2 or 3 inches wide, are cut off trees or saplings for the purpose. [1], The Gringai are a known clan of the Wonnarua people, whose traditional lands are the Allyn River valley,[9] and include what is now known as Dungog, Paterson, Gresford, Brookfield,[7] Tocal,[10] to the headwaters of the Williams and Chichester rivers. During this time some old men perform feats of juglery, and exhibit white stones (quartz crystals) to the novices. 1917. They were distributed over the district in local groups known as Nuria and were located at distances about eight miles apart in what the histo- rians of those days termed villages. Anxiety states were deliberately contrived by the guardians who told the boombits that the Goign (great spirit) was attacking the camp and killing the women and children. When green, if the camp needed vegetables for the menu, they were roasted and eaten In that fashion. The mia-mias of these rude aborigines were of the most primitive description, being merely a few sheets of bark placed against a convenient log, or bushes roughly planted alongside some huge forest giant. It could hardly be said that they had any conception of a God, yet they feared, and feared profoundly, some terrible invisible being they named Cooen supposedly capable of exercising a maleficent influence over their lives. They, too, were buried at Violet Hill. Glancing about I saw a strange aboriginal walking across a cleared space and approaching the camp. Having long, prehensile toes they would use them as a white man does his fingers to grasp the object needed and thus would rise it to within reach of the hands. Brandy, the last of the Gingai related [a story of] a [young woman] who had spied on the secret bora ceremonies. He was buried in the blacks, cemetery in the vicinity of Violet Hill. Around Dungog the blacks believed when a man became ill with a wasting sick- ness, that one of these medicine-men had crept in under cover of darkness and. In 1882, Maitland schoolteacher John Fraser wrote what he thought was an authoritative work on the Aborigines of NSW and used the word Gringai when referring to a group of Aborigines in the Dungog area but made no connection between that group and the Aborigines who lived in or around Sydney. It was roasted in the ashes and pounded to a paste between two stones. (VMR, VHR). Amongthe dense patchwork of open-cut coal mines in the New South Wales Hunter Valley sits a sandstone colonial homestead dating back to the early 1800s. I verily believe that they would have held a shark. A few sheets of bark, leaning on a pole against a tree, served him as shelter through days of sunshine or nights of storm and rain. The throwers had marvellous command over them, and could actually direct and control their flight in any direction. The blacks were always fearful of a raid by the Myall River natives, who were reputed to be very warlike and aggressive. In this section, explore all the different ways you can be a part of the Museum's groundbreaking research, as well as come face-to-face with our dedicated staff. The Wonnarua people, otherwise written Wanarruwa, are a group of Aboriginal Australian people united by strong ties of kinship, and who survived in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. "There's differing views and that can even be related to heritage.". My clan group concentrated along the Allen and Paterson Rivers and stretched over towards St Clair and the Singleton District. This is known as a bora; a place where boys were initiated into manhood. The bushes which had previously been laid round the fire are now thrown upon it. One of them had the spear sticking in him until extracted in my stockyard. Snatching fire-sticks from the camp fire, they would hurl the blazing brands in the air, presumably at the clouds (yarreel), at the same time puffing loudly with the mouth (kurracar). Two old men, and two of the elder women, now go inside the ring, of men and boys, and walk round - a man and a woman going one way, and the other man and woman going in the contrary direction. It focuses on nurturing the history and culture of the Wonnarua Nation, improving the health and education of its members and managing investments to sustain the Corporation's work. 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